Los derechos de todos los niños y niñas del mundo se hacen mayores de edad: el 20 de noviembre de 2007, la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño cumple 18 años. Este tratado internacional, ha supuesto un paso gigantesco para los niños y niñas, que pasaron de haber sido considerados como objetos de protección a ser reconocidos como sujetos activos de derechos

Una generación de jóvenes de todo el mundo puede decir que ha nacido y vivido siempre en un mundo donde sus derechos son reconocidos oficialmente. El 20 de noviembre de 2007 la Convención de los Derechos del Niño cumple 18 años, la mayoría de edad del tratado internacional más ampliamente apoyado de la historia. Sólo dos países en el mundo: Somalia y Estados Unidos no han ratificado la Convención. Los derechos de los niños y las niñas nunca han sido derechos menores y ahora, que se visten de largo, menos que nunca.

¿Qué se ha logrado gracias a la Convención?

Cambios legislativos a favor de la infancia: al aceptar la Convención los países aceptan modificar y ampliar sus leyes nacionales para aumentar la protección a la infancia. Además, se someten a un proceso de presentación de informes por el que se evalúa su progreso y se realizan recomendaciones. El Comité de los Derechos del Niño fue creado para supervisar y llevar adelante este proceso.

Un cambio social: en muchos países se han creado instituciones de protección de la infancia y se han puesto en marcha iniciativas para movilizar a toda la sociedad en torno a la defensa y protección efectiva de los derechos de los niños y las niñas.

Un sistema internacional de protección: El trabajo conjunto de los distintos organismos, instituciones, ONG y asociaciones de infancia de todo el mundo ha llevado a obtener compromisos concretos, a elaborar estudios que permiten comprender mejor el panorama de derechos de la infancia y a crear alianzas que favorecen un enfoque de derechos en la acción humanitaria y de desarrollo.

Mayores compromisos: dos protocolos adicionales, sobre infancia en conflictos armados y sobre explotación sexual infantil, permiten a los países que los adoptan profundizar en las medidas de protección a la infancia. La amplia ratificación de estos tratados permitirá en el futuro luchar más eficazmente en todo el mundo contra los abusos a la infancia.

¿Los niños y las niñas tienen demasiados derechos?

La Convención confirma que los niños y las niñas tienen el derecho a expresar sus puntos de vista y a que sus opiniones se tomen en serio y se les otorgue la importancia que merecen, pero no establece que los puntos de vista de los niños sean los únicos a tener en cuenta. La Convención indica claramente que los niños tienen la responsabilidad de respetar los derechos de los demás.

Tanto en el mundo en desarrollo como en los países industrializados muchos menores de edad ven amenazados algunos de sus derechos fundamentales, a veces precisamente por ser niños y niñas. La Convención fue creada para salvaguardar estos derechos y dar una protección especial a quienes son más vulnerables. El apoyo a la Convención es una clara toma de posiciones respecto a la necesidad de proteger el presente de los niños y el futuro de la humanidad.

La Convención en España

También en España la Convención ha supuesto cambios importantes para la infancia. La Ley de Protección Jurídica del Menor de 1996 ha supuesto un avance decisivo en la protección de los derechos de los niños y niñas, especialmente de aquellos víctimas del maltrato y el abandono. También se han creado instituciones de defensa de los derechos de infancia, y de coordinación y seguimiento de la aplicación de la Convención, como defensores del menor en distintas Comunidades Autónomas, por ejemplo la Comunidad de Madrid o el Observatorio de Infancia y otros observatorios regionales.

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